Explored by Mary Shelly’s Novel Frankenstein Essay

The morals and views explored by Shelly display those of modern days in so much as how they are portrayed, and societies reaction towards these issues. In Shelly’s novel ‘Frankenstein’, people’s reactions are very similar to those of modern society. The attributes that people have to be susceptible to in society to try to avoid being an outcast are alike those of modern day society. People are still narrow-minded and nai ve to anything that is unusual or stands out of context with society. The novel is not set in a specific era of time; this is done deliberately to create a sense of mystery. Also I believe that this displays the belief of Shellys, that the opinions that were existent to anything different in Shelly’s time would be existent for years to come as these are traits of society itself they are not exclusive to a period of time or a gender, just society as a whole. The Novel starts with letters from Sir Walton, to his sister; this gives us an insight into the emotions and ambitions of Walton. This automatically will embrace any reader to continue throughout the book, the natural curiosity of human nature will make the audience want to discover more about the subject (In this case Sir Walton). This opening has the same effect on a reader as a personal diary would. Once the reader has read the letters they feel they have a bond and an understanding of the character, this is an effective weapon used by Shelly because when the story begins the reader can comprehend the feelings of Walton and will want him to succeed but will also realise the sufferings of the crew, â€Å"This breeze, which has travelled from the region towards which I am advancing, gives me a foretaste of those icy climbs. † Letter 1 Pg15 This is just one example of Walton’s ambition; any audience would find this want of success and fame commendable. If Shelly did not include these letters his actions would be view as arrogance. This entices the reader as they will try to relate to this situation and will ask themselves what actions they would take if they were in a similar situation. The reader will also acknowledge that there are no specific dates set for these letters of this novel alone. This is done for a few reasons, a practical reason is that if Shelly does not limit herself to a certain time period then she is able to create certain advances in technology that if combined with others may stretch over many time periods yet in this novel are related together. It also implies that Shelly intended this novel to appeal to readers for many years to come, not just her era. This method alone displays Shelly’s unique ability to appeal to any vast audience.

Conformity and Obediance in ‘Schindler’s List’

Authority and Obedience Speech: Familiarity. Is this really beneficial, or rather an obstacle for the people who yearn to make a difference and move forward in life ? If I were to ask all of you here today, are you afraid of being alone and cast aside, you would all, yes. People are afraid not to conform to the extent that you allow others to formulate your so-called creed and mould you into people they envision, not necessarily the person you aspire to be.All of a sudden, your behavior pattern is the exact replica of your leader, you begin raring your beliefs from them, hanging off their every word until Inevitably, you become utterly devoted. Whether your reasons are simply nullity or even Just exhaustion of being constantly ignored, you have now lost yourself and are living the life that has been mapped out by someone whom you thought you could trust. Familiar Is not necessarily good, It Is only familiar. Comfortable is not necessarily good, It Is often Just familiar.Doll Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany during WI, was, in hindsight, one of the most narcissistic leaders to date, however his true hearted was buried within his authoritative charisma and hypnotic speeches. Oscar Schneider and Ammo Goethe were both fascinated by the authoritative Influence of which their country was surrounded, Both were raised on the very essence of fascism. With these thoughts of tyranny planted deep within their vulnerable minds, these views began to grow and develop into a way of life.Initially manipulating the system, Schneider was concerned only with himself and the success of his moneymaking scheme, however over time, undergoes a change that romps him to spend his fortune to save the lives of those he once exploited. He attempts to hide behind his constant self-control because he was taught that vulnerability is for the weak, yet somehow In spite of this, still seems vulnerable, one could even say fragile, a trait he shares with his foe Goethe.HIS vulnerability is truly highlighted in the end of the movie where he convinces himself that he could have saved more Jews and collapses into the arms of his Jewish accountant and friend, Ithaca Stern. Stepping away from the familiarity and secure Identity of authority In he Nazi party, made him shed his skin of cold hard steel to reveal a much more softer, more vulnerable side of this hero who conquered not only the Nazi's but above all, himself and his own feelings of conformity and compliance.To be able to stand up and overpower the protected familiarity he grew up admits, is utterly Inspiring and encourages us to not always take the role of the sheep but to assume the role of the Sheppard and develop our own ideas instead of merely trusting the charismatic leader of the age. Unlike Schneider, Goethe never manages to stray Into goodness. However, the lack of hang In his basic nature does not render him a one-dimensional character.On the contrary, Goethe is a complex and conflicted man who is torn between the familiar and 1 OFF in the form of the Nazi party as a child, however at this point, having grown and developed an even stronger, habitual even a somewhat fearful sense of narcissism, it is difficult for Schneider to subdue Goethe way of life like he has his own. Sooth's fear of change, his fear of stepping into new realities, is so profound that he desperately clings to the world he knows, to the world he has become a part of. His unwillingness o break free from these constraints ultimately leads to his downfall.We witness one of his battles within himself where he first pardons a Jewish boy and then turns and shoots him, not liking the new picture of himself. Animosity takes over his mind and he resorts to his all too familiar ways. He is too weak, or rather too terrified to face himself face what he is becoming due to the simple fact it involves change. Change is the adversary, in Sooth's eyes and shown through this little Jewish boy. Hence he thought if he relieved himself o f this boy, he would get rid of the change and go back o his life where everything way simple and â€Å"by the book. Inspire of this change continued to haunt him, to creep up on him and strike when he east expected. A war against one's self is a most terrifying ordeal because no matter where you run, where you hide, it will always be with you, tempting you, harassing you and finally consuming you. Chandler's List is no less a â€Å"Jewish story† or a â€Å"German story† than it is a human story. And its subject matter applies to every nation. Of course, the film is about racial hatred and the brutality of humankind, however my interpretation of the two main characters, stems from the concept of not only a war against nations but really a war against one's self.Within Steven Spielberg merciless depiction of Goethe, we witness his battle within his own self, a battle of which he could not win. In the beginning, Goethe was Just like any other Hitler drone, a soldier who m had no intention to question Hitter's authority. However, once Schneider had planted seeds of doubt and punctured his barrier of obedience, disorder began brewing beneath his cold and heartless exterior. The strange logic Schneider introduces to Goethe, forces IM to acknowledge and re-evaluate learned perceptions that he had previously accepted.Today our society raises us to believe that obedience is good and disobedience is bad. We are taught that we should all do what we're told and that the people that are disobedient are almost always bad people. Society tells us this, but it is not true. Most people will even be obedient to the point of causing harm to others, because to be disobedient requires the courage to stand alone against authority. Disobedience is not always wrong. The truth is sometimes it is necessary to be rebellious. Man's development has largely been affected by being defiant.Authority that has tried to prevent new ideas and keep things as they are because of the fear of being overpowered and contradicted. It can cause the most ethical and moralistic to abandon their core values and seemingly close their eyes while following an unjustified authority. Learning to distinguish between the right and wrong guidance would have assisted Goethe to come to terms with himself and those around him. However, Just like the good and evil concept, where there is conformity, there must

Middle Kingdom Essay

China is known as one the most advanced countries in the industrialized world; it is also one of the United States leading resources in products brought in to the states. China is known as â€Å"Zhongguo† which means Central Nation or Middle Kingdom. In the year 1000 B.C. the beliefs were that the Chou people really thought that they were indeed at the centre of the world. The Chou people were unaware of civilization in the west and that their empire occupied the middle of the earth, surrounded by barbarians, but in 1949 the Communist took charge and the name officially changed. China supports about a fifth of the world’s population on only 7 percent of the world’s arable land (Essentials of World Regional Geography second Edition, Pg.111, White, Dymond, Chacko, Bradshaw). The Chinese people believed in mainly their families and their community, unlike the Europeans who focused on individualism or themselves. In 1950, they introduced the Great Leap forward act that targeted Chinas’ vast population to rapidly transform the country from being agricultural based economy into a contemporary communist society by implementing industrialization and collectivization. In 1950, China’s population was about 563 million; the population grew drastically to about one billion in the early 1980’s. 1959 was the year that everything was collapsing, the people worked long and hard hours trying to make ends meet. The machinery broke down and the people were over worked and tired. Starvation became rampant. The products that the industries produced were very inferior and weak for example; the steel furnace was going down they couldn’t even use to make some of the beautiful structures they wanted to construct. The weather was so bad and the soil became very poor for farming because of consistent flooding. China’s fertility rate increased over the past few decades this was attributed to immigration and a decrease in infant mortality and a decrease  in death rate as national health improves. Later in 2010 , China’s population has reached 1.4 billion. Student Name: Latara Bradshaw Student ID#: AC1209024 Course Number and Title: EN120.2.1 English Composition 1 Assignment Number:6_06 Topic:The best teacher I ever had Date of Submission:08th November, 2012 There were lots of teachers in my school. But there was only one who stood out and I’ll never forget Mr. James Ward’s helpfulness and enthusiasm. His dedication helped me tremendously from my Elementary years and instilled with me now I am an adult. Loving, hardworking, tender-hearted and free spirited Mr. James Warde, my favourite Elementary teacher. I have had the privilege of him being a very good teacher to me for three (3) consecutive years, grades 5(five), 6(six) and a repeat of (six) 6. Short with a tall personality, medium built with black kinky hair, beady eyes and a contagious smile are some of the characteristics of my favourite teacher. He was very stern but polite and always cared about changing our failures into successes. During the day time we enjoyed going outside under a tree to capture the refreshing breezes which helped us to be more focused. Our teacher loved nature and he thought that the outside atmosphere would make us more relax and help us to c oncentrate on what he is teaching. In fact, he would turn our day dreaming into a reality with his creative ideas and interesting stories. Our classes were filled with humour and excitement; there was never a dull moment, even during Mathematics class he would demonstrate for even the slowest student to understand and at the end of the day everyone was evenly served. Mr. James Ward portrayed good characteristics of a great teacher. A knowledgeable man who was well respected by the students, teachers and community helped us be well rounded children at the end of every session. His professional duties extended from formal teaching to playing a very important part in my life as if he was my very own father. On a regular we would attend field trips pertaining to what topic we are doing in class, he would help organize school events that  were only educational and will help with the development of a student. Mr. James Ward built strong student teacher relationship and showed interest whether personal or school related, anything to help he was involved in. Enthusiastic teachers help students to have a better feeling about themselves and it also promotes a higher grade than a boring teacher who shows to love nor embrace which stimulates low esteem. Mr. Ward was known for his good manners and he always instilled in us that manners takes us a long way and we must respect ourselves and our peers. Our Motto was, â€Å"Good interaction promotes good grades.† On Friday afternoons we will have week quiz of what we learnt throughout the week, we really looked forward for Friday because he would bring us snacks and toys to motivate us if we got our questions correct and it motivated us for the next week. I never seen him with a frown or a displeased face even in a crisis he would smile and say, â€Å"God knows best.† He was a good teacher and a solid mentor and whatever was taught by him will instil in me and I will use his characteristics throughout the rest of my life. I love him and I will follow in his footsteps one day.

Write an essay on theme Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write an on theme - Essay Example ing repulsion for the flavorless, colorless mass of everyday existence† (Cather 453) and the boring classroom with "bare floors and naked walls," (Cather 458) and the teachers in "dull gowns" with "shrill voices"(Cather 458) who felt that he was a little odd. The novel opens with a situation where Paul is suspended from school for reasons which the teachers cannot pinpoint. At the same time he has a somewhat ostentatious appearance with "something of the dandy about him"(Cather 448). The inner feeling of Paul makes him appear to be on drugs with dilated, unusually brilliant and large eyes. However, Paul is not on drugs but he lives in an altered condition of consciousness. The theme of the novel is surreal because the boy is not attracted to his life at home and school, instead he finds happiness in the theatrical environment where he holds the job of an usher and spends time on Sundays. The author has depicted several occasions that reveal Paul’s emotional fulfillment when he is engaged in the theatre setting. Cather says "It was very much as though these were a great reception and Paul were the host" (Cather 451). The author points out the happiness of Paul while working at the theatre by saying that "as though it were his greatest pleasure in life" (Cather 451). Paul’s eagerness to live a flashy lifestyle is depicted in the line which says; this was Paul’s fairy tale, and it had for him all the allurement of a secret love. The moment he inhaled the gassy, painty, dusty odor behind the scenes, he breathed like a prisoner set free, and felt within him the possibility of doing or saying splendid, brilliant things. (Cather 457) Paul visualizes real life at the theatre which is furnished with garish satins, diamonds and rhinestones. Paul views the setting of the theatre and the setting of his home and school to be at different extremes of the pleasant and unpleasant. Paul is depicted as a sensitive artist who loves the stage and the attractive

Chinese Culture and Modern Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese Culture and Modern Therapy - Essay Example Representatives of different cultures have diverse values, demonstrate varying behaviors, adopt different perspectives, and in some cases even varied susceptibility to diseases. Cultural differences are more profound than individual variations due to patient illness, social class, economic status, or educational background. A popular view among health professionals is that showing respect is the key to resolving absolute majority of cultural problems. Unfortunately, this simple recipe is not always effective: the profound differences between Chinese and American cultures presented below demonstrate that respect is only one aspect of cultural competence. Chinese culture is characterized by specific attitude toward self. Thus, American Peter Hessler claims this to be the biggest difference between the West and what he observed while teaching literature in one of the Chinese provinces: "the sense of self seemed largely external; you were identified by the way that others viewed you" (Hessler 2001: 282). This difference is also reflected on the famous Geert Hofstede's model of cultural value orientation. The model consists of five dimensions, one of which is individualism. This dimension reveals the degree to which the society reinforces individual or collective achievement. In case the IDV index is high, individuality and individual rights are emphasized by the society: citizens in such societies rely primarily upon themselves, and form a little number of closer relationships. If the IDV is low, the society is characterized by high degree of collectivism and closer relationships between individuals: such societies reinforce extended families and collectives with responsibility being shared between all members. The difference between the United States and China is literally striking on this dimension: the U.S. ranks at 91 on Hofstede's scale (100 points is maximum) while China - at only 15, which is the lowest score (Hofstede, 2003). The high ranking for the United States indicates a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. Self-reliance is the most distinctive feature of such society. The low ranking of Chine indicates and absolutely different system of attitudes toward self and implies much closer bonds with others. Consequently, American health practitioners adopt more patient-centered approach putting emphasis on autonomy of the patients and their "right to know" precisely because American culture paying relatively little attention to social groups (including families) they belong to. This attitude is not common in Chinese health care because it contradicts the cultural orientation toward collectivism. The custom in Chinese culture is to first inform a patient's family about a prognosis, especially when the prognosis is bad. After that the family makes a decision about the information the patient himself should receive. Members of Chinese and other similar cultural groups may feel that it would be wrong and insensitive to inform the patient about the risks associated with his illness: "this would only cause the patient great stress and even hasten death by destroying hope" (Galanti, 2000:335). Treatment decisions made by Chinese patients are strongly influenced by the family or social groups t hey are affiliated with. Therefore, involvement of family members in the process of treatment is likely to make the therapy

DISSERTATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DISSERTATION - Essay Example Online shopping takes the experience of shopping to altogether a new dimension and helps in improving the necessary services given to the consumers as well as the vendors and also helps in managing all the required information of the payments of the customers, receipt of products of the new customers, their product and updating of all the necessary credentials. The primary features of the online shopping helps in providing business accuracy, flexibility of design and readiness of accessibility (Gay, Charlesworth, & Esen, 2007, p. 173). Today internet is an increasingly popular medium of shopping due to its shopping convenience. This research paper focuses on this subject because of its growing relevance among the young generation. The behavior of the consumers in shopping is highly essential for the businesses in tracking the discrete preferences and engineers their strategies for focusing on the key requirements of the consumers. Various factors stand in the way of influencing the behavior of the consumers. From the standpoint of Warner, various external influences which affect the consumer’s behavior are demographics, socio-economics, technology and public policy; culture; subculture; reference groups; and marketing. Within the domain of internal influences, attitudes, learning, perception, motivation as well as self image and semiotics are various psychological attributes affecting the consumer behavior in online shopping. From the studies of a scholar called Sheth, it can be also found that the consumers are predominated by mainly two types of motives which are basically functional as well as non functional. It is a common agenda that people in today’s world have drastically changed their shopping patterns and there has been application of various strategies by the companies towards positioning their products in systematic and successful manner. The marketing managers while strategizing optimal marketing plans and concentrating on the four

Commerce Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commerce Education - Essay Example I think that Commerce assist form the foundations youthful people need to make sound decisions on monetary, commerce, legal and service issues because it supply practical knowledge, skills, sympathetic and values. Having information regarding these concepts and how to apply them is helpful for young adults to study early. "With changing times, the need to give young people a grip on money management has increased... More than a third of school students' work, and two-thirds of 15 to 19-year-olds earn up to $200 a week. Not all know how to handle that income" (Russell, 2004; Age). Furthermore, Commerce offers students with "and understanding of the relations between consumers, trade and governments in the in general economy" (Board of Studies, NSW, 2003). These are subjects that they may not unavoidably think regarding, even though they previously earning and spending currency. If we analyzed then we come to know that Consumer Affairs Victoria (CAV) conducted investigation last year to find out how customer education is taught in Australia and abroad in order to assist design a program to get better financial literacy amongst teenagers. "Young Australians stand for a $4 billion a year profitable market. Through more spending power then preceding generations, youthful children and adolescents are increasingly the target group for different forms of marketing practices and commercial pressures" (CAV, 2004). It is significant that adolescent adults are conscious of their rights and farm duties as consumers because they are previously purchasing products such as mobile phones and cars that frequently comprise multifaceted contracts. A key finding from the research was that lots of students do not take delivery of consumer education at school. I feel that Commerce education is generally delivering the right kind of educational experiences for the current generation. I do although agree that young adults would most definitely benefit if the curriculum added a more in-depth unit on financial literacy and consumer education. We are living in a constantly changing world and society must provide our children with education that will prepare them for a life of revelation. No doubt, this literature suggests that in the prospect "the curriculum will be justified in terms of its capacity to help children acquire skills for work and life" (Collins, 2002, pg 45). So the financial system and society of the future have to be taken into account when developing commerce prospectus. The main concepts urbanized in the Economy and society thread include: Civics and communal organization, Citizenship, Economic organization and decision-making, Employment,

The technique of narrating in Samuel Johnson's Life of Savage and Essay

The technique of narrating in Samuel Johnson's Life of Savage and James Boswell's Life of Johnson - Essay Example What is common to Johnson's Life of Savage and Boswell's Life of Johnson is the strong autobiographical component. During one of their meetings, Johnson told Boswell that nobody could write the life of a man, without having lived with him. True to his words, Boswell wrote a biography on Johnson called "Life of Johnson" after having spent many years with him. In the book, we find that in more than one way, there are incidents that point to Boswell. "Life of Johnson" in some respects is a reflection of Boswell's autobiography. The reference to Johnson as a great barrister, "The world became a great court in which Johnson, its supreme barrister, scores fantastic victories - the dream of the unsuccessful lawyer Boswell"1 relates to Boswell's inner feelings Boswell had wanted to be a barrister but never got to be one. Boswell used Johnson to identify himself. Johnson lied imprisoned, wrote a critic signifying Boswell's manipulation of the character Johnson to project his inner self. On the contrary, Johnson's "Life of Richard Savage" characterizes the violent, dark life that he led. Analogical to RL Stevenson's "Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", Holmes tells us how Johnson's romantic account of Savage's early life, reflected his strong desire to experience such love and comfort that was not to be. Johnson tries to identify himself with the protagonist.

Personal Philosophy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Philosophy Paper - Essay Example the difficulties that they are going through in life, and also by giving advice to the counselee on how to overcome the difficulties that they are going through in life. Question 4: Appropriate and Inappropriate goals of counselling. I view the following two gaols of counselling as appropriate,(a) assisting the counselling to discover themselves more so as to be able to overcome the difficulties that they are going through, (b) giving advice to the counselee on how to overcome and to adapt to the difficulties that they are going through in life (Goals of Counselling, web.). The two inappropriate goals of counselling are, (a) expecting the counselee to immediately overcome the difficulties that they are going through, (b) expecting the counselling to view the difficulties that they are going through as you view them. Question 5. The two important functions of a therapist are (a) helping the counselee to discover themselves more so as to be able to handle, in a better way, and to overcome the difficulties that they are going through in life, (b) to give counselees pieces of professional and practical advice on how to overcome the difficulties that they are going through in life. Question 6. Essential characteristics of an effective client/therapist relationship. The three main characteristics of an effective client/therapist are, (a) the relationship is based on trust (b) the relationship is open, in that the client and the therapist are open to each other (d) the relationship is cordial and friendly. The relationship between client and therapist is quit important in counselling because it determines the effectiveness of counselling. Question 7. The following are the three main values that I live by, (a) honesty, (b) respect, (c) confidentiality. These values will influence me as a counsellor because counselling requires that the counsellor or the therapist should be honest in his/her dealings with the counselee, the counsellor also should respect the counselee,

Correlation Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correlation Discussion - Essay Example 2. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient: This is considered the strongest measure of correlation; and is sensitive to even small variations in data. It is also a base for predictive analysis. The biggest problem with this method is that it requires data that is either on an equal interval or ratio scale; and cannot be used with data on simpler scales. 3. Rank Order Correlation Coefficient: This method is computed with data on an ordinal scale; and with a reasonably large sample size the results are quite robust. While the technique is quite robust, it can get extremely cumbersome as the size of the data set increases. 4. Biserial Correlation Coefficient: If the data sets belong to two variables that are inherently continuous, but the data available on one has been reduced to two discrete categories; one needs to compute a Biserial correlation coefficient. This technique is not as robust; and should not be substituted for a stronger one. 5. Point – Biserial C orrelation Coefficient: If a continuous variable needs to be correlated with a discrete dichotomous one; a Point – Biserial Correlation coefficient is computed. This technique is simple and important in fields of study where such occurrences are commonplace; but it is otherwise not too robust. 6.

San Fransisco Fires Essay Example for Free

San Fransisco Fires Essay On April 18, 1906 an earthquake hit San Francisco. Jack London a local reporter opened the world’s eyes as to what happened to not only the city but the people affected. In detail Jack London observed and witnessed the tragic events of the earthquake that resulted in the city of San Francisco crumbling and burning into the ground. London used very descriptive use of words to give the reader a real sense of the dramatic reality of the destruction of San Francisco. Jack London was the first on the scene. He got a telegraph from Colliers that San Francisco just had an earthquake. Jack only lived forty miles away so he got there in no time. Once he arrived in San Francisco he realized the dramatic reality of the earth quake first hand. He shared this experience of the earth quake to the readers throughout his writing. He wrote about the event, how the fire destroyed the city bit by bit. Right away he captured the reader and brought them to the scene of the event when he wrote, the smoke of San Francisco’s burning was a lurid tower visible a hundred miles away. He continues throughout his article in Colliers to capture the readers’ imagination and help them to visualize what really happened. Londons vivid use of descriptive words helped this event in history to really come alive for all , past and present, who have read his account. If anyone had any doubts as to the events and amount of destruction of the city of San Francisco they didn’t when they were done reading Londons in-depth description. He writes, the whole city crashed and roared into ruin,[it] was a quiet night. Here we come to the understanding of the total devastation that occurred and the feel for the atmosphere in which it happened. The reader truly feels like he is on the scene with Jack London but does not have to be in harms way to experience the event. In the article London goes on to describe in great detail all he saw and heard. He brings us right into the heart of the city, where there is a chilling calm. Everything looks fine, just deserted. Then his account talks of ash raining down all around the abandoned buildings. Again Londons use of vivid language brings the reader right to the scene. Jack Londons account of the San Francisco earthquake in Colliers on May 5, 1906 did a great job at informing the nation and all that read the article as to not only the events but also the feel for the event. He brings the reader there; he becomes our eyes and ears. London was a great writer and his use for vivid language is amazing.

Information Systems Paper Essay Example for Free

Information Systems Paper Essay Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the special services agency of United States of America, formed to serve the department of Justice and provide internal intelligence services. To assist them serve with â€Å"Fidelity, Bravery and Integrity†, FBI departments are equipped with technically updated Information Systems. They are committed to deliver actively reliable and efficient information systems to centrally connect all its departments and records they collect. With central databases, FBI information Systems provide relevant information to criminal justice agencies, special agents, national and local justice courts and FBI agents, who are committed to prevent any criminal or terrorist activity within their areas of operations. FBI’s information systems include (FAS, 2008): †¢ â€Å"Counterdrug Information Indices System (CIIS)† †¢ â€Å"Central Records System† †¢ â€Å"Electronic Surveillance (Elsur) Indices† †¢ â€Å"Identification Division Records System† †¢ â€Å"National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC)† †¢ â€Å"National Crime Information Center (NCIC)† †¢ â€Å"Security Access Control System (SACS)† National Crime Information System (NCIC) NCIC is a centrally connected criminal record system that provides important information, like criminals’ records and reported cases, to central law enforcing agencies and all policies departments across the country. By maintaining all the records centrally, NCIC provides 24/7 365 days information to all geographically distributed departments, that enables real time processing of any suspect arrested, any property detained or any lost person recovered. This information system is protected physically, technically and administratively. Through passwords, security alarms and other safety procedures, only authorized persons are allowed to view and alter any record. All the information in NCIC is provided by FBI, criminal justice agencies and local courts. FBI has the right to control, alter or distribute any such information, it finds appropriate for the concerned party. All the information included recorded in NCIC is quite sensitive, and is subjected to authority, scrutiny and relevance. In case if this system is cracked, hacked, or physically assaulted, loss of information would be tremendous, and could be disastrous for the social structure and peace of the society. Criminal Justice authorities will lose major source of their information, and the country will be vulnerable to criminal activities, since there would be no track left. In case of termination of services of NCIC, all law enforcing agencies will be affected, as they won’t be able to endure their regular practices. In order to avoid any such situation, this computer system has strict physical security measures. Any person visiting the computer center is thoroughly scrutinized for his identity, scope of visit, and they are always accompanied by local staff personnel. Any sharing of information taking place, under the supervision of FBI officials, is documented and records of all such transactions are maintained. All the information is encrypted, and stored in a way it is planned to be. Moreover, all the data communication lines are dedicated for NCIC, and are heavily protected. There is no termination between these points. On the other hand, all external access points are also heavily protected. Authorization is provided to very limited officials, and only relevant information is provided. Moreover, both manual and automatic logs are maintained at both ends, and later exchanged to scrutinize the transactions.

Globalization History Can Be Traced To Hellenistic Age Economics Essay

Globalization History Can Be Traced To Hellenistic Age Economics Essay Globalization refers to integration of regional societies, cultures and economies through reduction of state enforced limitations on exchanges between different countries thereby enhancing a global network of trade and communication. While globalization is driven by interaction of different, economies, technology, political factors and social cultures, the term is in most cases used to refer to economic globalization where different countries economies become integrated into an international economy through a globe spanning network of trade, migration, foreign trade investments, technology and capital flows. Globalization also involves transnational exchange of ideas, languages and acculturation (Amin, 2004). Globalization history can be traced from the Hellenistic age and the rise of cosmopolitan when commercialized urban centres of Greek culture like Athens, Antioch and Alexandria enhanced a widespread of trade and commercial links. Globalization continued with the colonization of Americans by Europeans which initiated the Columbian exchange enhancing a wide spread of crops, trade and human populations and migration. Globalization however got its modern form in 19th century shaped by imperialism when industrialization brought about economies of scale which made cheap production which was sustained by increased population demand. Its argued that the forces of globalization enhanced the world war (Barkema Drogendijk, 2007). Globalization as used by different economists and social scientists can be traced back in 1960s and has inspired diverse and numerous definitions and understanding. Globalization and internationalization are interchangeably used; the only distinction in the usage of the two terms is that internationalization is more focused on international relations, trade and treaties which are driven by labour and capital mobility. Globalization as used in economic context refers to reduction and elimination of barriers between different countries economies in away that flow of goods and services capital and labour is facilitated. Some of the things that slowdown globalization include countries political and capital policies which are inward looking and focused to protection of countries industries (Wood,1998).To enhance globalization microeconomics processes need to be focused on economic policies, political subjectivity, capital and other different dynamics and domains so as to denationalize wha t has been made national. Globalization is seen as a way of flattening the world into global system of trade, supply chain and outsourcing and this has greatly and permanently changed countries economies, political forces both in a good and a bad way. The rate of globalization is increasing and continues to have a rising impact on business practice and commercial organization, giving a neo-liberal kind of international economic systems (Beall, 2004). Rapid expansion of transnational corporations in U.S and Europe has given rise to systematic trend of economies growth and die dynamics which are the main drives of the quickening globalization which has stand the counter tendency changes and forces that emanate from trade union actions and political activities. Globalization has become an irreversible phenomenon whose long history in market economic systems has given rise to transnational elites and political globalization which has phased out the traditional form of powerful-nation states, globalization has given rise to cultural and ideological homogenization worldwide coupled with significant inventions. Globalization has largely been driven by political planning which has seen a breakdown of trade borders and increasing interdependence of states through international commerce and trade and the establishment of international institutions to manage the globalization process. These institutions include the World Bank (formerly know n as bank for International Reconstruction and Development), World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund. Advanced Technology has greatly reduced the trade and negotiation cost through agreed trade tariffs which have seen the possibility of free trade among different countries (Ostry, 1998). Some of the actions involved in the General Agreement on Trade Tariffs include elimination of trade tariffs creating free trade zones, lowering the transportation costs and enhancing containerization which has made Ocean hipping in different countries possible, introduction of harmonized trade subsidies globally which has attracted different corporations in the international market. Increased restrictions in the harmonized intellectual property laws have also seen a great breakthrough for free trade such that intellectual properties and patents are recognized across states. Trade treaties enhanced by the WTO like the Uruguay Round which has introduced a uniform trading platform, oth er multilateral and bilateral agreements on trade like North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have greatly reduced the trade tariffs and barriers and enhanced free trade and given a rise in world exports and the total gross world product (Lazear, 1999). Advanced communication technology; mobile pone and other computer software technology spread among countries which have made communication cheap and possible among countries, and worldwide marketing has greatly driven cultural globalization with western American culture dominating most regions in expense of the traditional diversity. The contrasting trend led by movements in protest to globalization has not given any fruits in its defence for local individuality uniqueness and identity (Yeung, 2002). According to Rothstein (2005), various economic characteristics of globalization like capital, labour, technology and exports and imports, we can easily measure globalization if we take it as economic globalization. Exports and imports can be determined as a proportion gross national income while labour can be determined as net migration rates flow; weighted by population inward and outward flow. Inward and outward capital flow can be determined through investment as a proportion of per capital income while technology can be measured in terms of worldwide research as well as development flows and the rates of change noted through inventions that has given new products in telephone, motor vehicle and broadband industries (Knaude, 2001). However globalization is not economic phenomenon only and therefore requires a multivariate approach in taking its measurement. Swiss index has taken into consideration three key dimensions of globalization as political, economic and cultural effects taking some sub-indices like economic flows and restrictions, personal contact data, information flow and cultural proximity data which are available on annual basis. According to the Swiss index, Belgium is the most globalized country worldwide followed by Austria and Sweden while United Kingdom comes fourth followed by Netherlands (Agell, 1999). The Index has shown that Haiti is the least globalized countries followed by Myanmar and Burundi. Globalization has given forth to good and bad aspects which have affected countries in different ways. Movement of production materials and manufactured goods has given rise to emergence of worldwide markets and given consumers and firms a broader access to foreign products. The trade between China and Africa particularly has rise seven times fro the period between 2000 and 2007. Emergence of international financial markets has given customers worldwide access to external finance. This has however grown fast than the transnational regulatory regime and given rise to instability in the worldwide financial infrastructure as evidenced by the current financial crisis (Mishkin, 2009). Realization of a worldwide market where goods and capital are free exchange has a great economic realization while its interconnectedness would give great effects in case of one economy collapsing. For instance, every worldwide IT company has established its market in India, if Indias economy collapses this would have the adverse effects spread amongst many other economies (Buckley Ghauri, 2004). Globalization has greatly affected the health systems on a global scale where health has became a trade commodity especially in developing nations following the structural adjustment programs which have seen the health sector privatized and the health policy largely fragmented due to various private interests which have focused on partnerships as a way to fight the various problems instead of a comprehensive health strategy. Health policy has greatly been affected by the global trade and economy driven by the technological advancement which has given innovative medical care trade. At time the global priorities have run over the nation health care priorities making the health infrastructure more valuable to public the privatized form of health care which largely focuses on the wealthy (Dunning, 1998). Globalization has led to creation of governments with relaxed relationships and guaranteed social and economic rights. United State has over time taken a powerful position following its strong and wealthy economy. The republic of China has experienced rapid growth following globalization and with support from the United States. Economists have projected that if Chinas growth is maintained at that rate, this would bring a great change world wide in the next twenty years since it will mean power reallocation among world leaders with China being one of the wealthy and industrialized nations and this will rival the United States worldwide powerful position (Jones, 2008). Increased Informational flow between different geographical locations has brought technological change with the introduction of fibre optic communications and improved accessibility via telephone and Internet facility. Globalization has also increased competition due to worldwide market which has challenged different companies and industries to improve their products and skilfully use technology. Globalization has brought various ecological changes and environmental challenges due to cross boundary pollution of water and air and the overfishing of oceans as well as spread species which are invasive. This can be faced out through international cooperation, but its noted that most factories run their plants in developing nations where environmental regulations are lenient. As such globalization and free trade has largely increased pollution in these countries and deteriorated peoples standard of living. The world ecological capacity has proved insufficient to handle the ambitions of Ch ina, U.S, and Europe among other countries sustainably. Also globalization would bring about depletion of resources like zinc, terbium and indium, if U.S, China and India continue with the current consumption this would lead to conflict over diminishing natural-resources (Casson, 1996). One classic cultural aspect of globalization is food consumption whereby people in China can be consuming American food while those in Africa can be consuming Italian meals. McDonalds is one of the American food companies with a global network of 31,000 locations worldwide and has had great cultural influence globally. In addition to international travel, migration and tourism internet has broken down cultural borders worldwide through enabling interaction and communication among people from different state, thus sharing different lifestyles and cultures even beyond the language barriers by use of photo sharing websites. Globalization has led to spread of multiculturalism where some come local cultures have been assimilated and others have been supplanted (Taylor, 2008). Globalization has however faced significant opposition internationally arguing that it has lowered the quality of life and increased the environmental degradation by reducing the competitiveness of some countries industries, and perhaps agriculture in nations that have not yet adapted to the changes brought by globalization (Daryl, 2009). The flow of information, products and people across countries has led to spread of deadliest diseases like HIV/Aids which still remain a top cause of death especially in Asia and Africa while the infectious disease actually began in America. Also, globalization played vital role in the recent bird flue which spread to different nations and killed several. Other diseases whose spread has been fuelled by globalization include the chagas disease and tuberculosis (Bernstein Cashore, 2000). Globalization has created opportunities in developed and rich nations thereby driving talent from poor countries which has led to brain drains. This has cost Africa continent approximately $4.1 billion expatriate professionals yearly. Globalization negative economic liberalization effects are also manifested by the global financial crisis which has been as a result of interconnected states forming global economic system such as the crumple of subprime financial or mortgage market in U.S. The flow of products like televisions, textiles and others in the U.S have fueled expansion of Asian economies but has as well raised great criticism against Chinese textile products in Europe as well as in African countries (Levy-Livermore, 1999). For instance, the influx of Chinese textile goods in South Africa has led to loss of jobs by textile workers in that industry. Different studies show that, globalization has not fought Income disparity and food insecurity such that the three richest people worldwide owns more financial assets than what 10% of the poorest world population possess. For example, in sub-Saharan basin Africa communities continue to live in extreme poverty with studies indicating that almost half of children population in India is undernourished. Globalization opens door for a poor country to reach international market, and as such large corporations have taken advantage of such economies to facilitate export poverty such that they invest in these nations due to low wage rates and if the countries labour laws are changed in favour of employees the corporations close down and relocate to other countries with conservative economic policies (Zander Mathews, 2007). In conclusion, critics argue that globalization has led most poor countries suffer disadvantages since their exports are mainly agricultural products and they are unable to offer their producers subsidies which are enjoyed in the developed nations thereby lowering the prices for poor producers. Globalization also leads to exploitation of workers who are impoverished in these poor countries through cheap labour and weak labour unions (Taylor, 2008). Globalization is mediated depending of corporate interests which results to alternative institutional policies that address moral claims for both the poor and working population and environmental concerns in an equitable way.

The Impact of David Carson Essay -- Graphic Designers Typography Essay

The Impact of David Carson He was labeled a terrible graphic designer in the nineties. His agonized typography drove a clique of critics to indict him of not being serious and of destroying the origins and foundation of communication design. Now, the work and techniques of David Carson dominates design, advertising, the Web, and even motion pictures. David Carson graduated from San Diego state university, where he received a BFA degree in sociology. A former professional surfer, he was ranked #9 in the world during his college days. David Carson is currently the principal and chief designer of David Carson Design, Inc. with offices in New York City and Charleston, SC. Carson is a designer whose unorthodox graphic style played a major role in his success in the design world. His sense of typography is original and unique in a way that he does not follow the basis of communication design. For example, his arrangement of text is not what we would normally see which is in order but positioned in disarray creating chaos and confusion which is new and refreshing. His use of interesting visual simultaneously with typography creates an out of the ordinary design where sometimes the images are deliberately obscuring the text that goes with it and occasionally creating an unfinished sentence or word. Simplicity runs through Carson’s veins where â€Å"less is more†. Minimalism functions in his design where there are no extreme effects that would overpower his intention. His aim i...

Ellis Island and American Nationalism Essay -- American History Essays

Ellis Island and American Nationalism Many people have many different opinions of airports. Some people love going to airports and flying all around the country or the world. Others are afraid of airplanes, fearing that the plane will be hijacked. Others like coming into American airports so that they can start a new life. Some think that Arab immigrants are discriminated against when entering the country, but during the early days of American immigration many more were discriminated against. Ellis Island was corrupted with American Nationalism and the fear of the unknown. â€Å"Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land, Here at our sea-washed, sunset-gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome, her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor the twin-cities frame. ‘Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!’ cries she, With silent lips. ‘Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore; Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!† (Lazarus, 1883) These are the words from the poem â€Å"The New Colossus† written by Emma Lazarus. This was the welcome the statue brought; ‘come here and be free, have a home, and a hope for your future.’ This is how many people, both within and outside of the United States, saw the Statue of Liberty, as a symbol of freedom. To the immigrants coming to this country, America was first visible to them in the presence of the 305 foot statue. The message of the Statue of Liberty didn’t need any translations into a... ...med acceptable. Bibliography Allen, Leslie. Liberty: The Statue and the American Dream. Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, New York 1985 Coan, Peter Morton. Ellis Island Interviews. Facts on File, New York 1997 Corsi, Edward. In the Shadow of Liberty. The Macmillan Company, New York 1935 Lankevich, George J. American Metropolis. New York University Press, New York 1998 Lazarus, Emma. The New Colossus. November 2, 1983. Weisberger, Bernard A. Statue of Liberty: The First Hundred Years. American Heritage Press, New York 1985 Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia and Lightman, Marjorie. Ellis Island and the Peopling of America. The New Press, New York 1997 Images from cover of Judge Magazine. March 22, 1890. Private Collection, Paris.

The International Space Station Essay -- Science Space Exploration

The International Space Station is the doorway to the future of mankind and the world as it is known. The scientific and medical discoveries that will be made on the station could create billions of dollars annually. A plan like this, arranged to benefit the whole world economy, should sound like a good idea to every person, but some believe that the ISS is too risky, too ineffective, or too costly to create. Whether or not the space station is worth the money, time, and effort, one thing is clear, everyone is interested in this virtual floating laboratory and what assets or liabilities it will bring. The future of scientific experimentation and exploration may be located, not on earth, but on the man made island called the International Space Station. Of all the factors that go into building a space station, construction of the massive object is the most tedious objective. During the building of the ISS, tensions have run high several times when deadlines were missed or funds were not available. This space station is the most expansive mission the world has ever encountered. The International Space Station will be a fifteen country mission. When finished, it will boast over an acre of solar panels for heating and energy, have a volume roughly sizable to two jumbo jets, and contain four times the electrical power of the Russian space station, Mir. It will take approximately forty-five flights over the next five years to assemble the one hundred pieces of the station while circling the orbit of the earth (Goldin 11). This floating station, the size of a large football stadium, which is traveling at over 17,500 miles per hour around the earth, will have a minimum life expectancy of only ten years, although scientists hope for a muc... ... to tell anyone the outcome of the experiments on the International Space Station. It is a complex machine that may create fantastic results or become a large waste of time and effort, but until the world tries, it will never know which might be the most disappointing thing of all. For now, all anyone has is hope for a brighter future, and the chance that the International Space Station may bring them a step closer to that reality. â€Å"The orbiting laboratory serves as a symbol of our future. A future that embodies the dreams of our children and that promises untold discoveries for the next millennium. One that fulfills our innate human nature to explore. And one that benefits all people of all nations.† (Goldin 11) The International Space Station is the beginning. It is the beginning of a world that is working towards a better understanding of everything around it.

Fast Food Popularity

Fast food is a huge growth in our country. Fast food restaurants are constantly trying to increase their popularity growth by lowering prices and getting faster food service technology. With this said there is a huge competition between fast food restaurants all around increasing there popularity. There are many key factors to the reasons why popularity of fast food keeps on growing. It is believed that price may be a contributing factor to the increase in popularity of fast food. However, laziness is the main cause.Fast food restaurants can make a whole meal in just minutes unlike making food at home. The time it takes us to buy and cook food, fast food restaurants can make a large group of people food. People these days are becoming lazier because of the amount of inventions people are making and the way everything is becoming less complicated. What makes people lazy, when going to a fast food restaurant instead of cooking, is that they will drive to get there food then wait for it to be cooked and then drive home and eat it.That shows how they are just too lazy to get up and cook their own food. The technology fast food providers are coming out with is making them faster and faster which is also increasing the amount of popularity of each restaurant. The time it takes to get our food is a big factor in the growth of that restaurant. Fast Food restaurants are located almost everywhere you drive in the United States and more. With fast food restaurants pretty much everywhere, it makes them even more popular.There is a bigger selection of fast food restaurants then there are stores to buy food at. Almost every road we drive on has advertisement of a fast food restaurant on a sign. Even television has many advertisements that grab children’s attention as well as others. There are approximately 65 different types of fast food restaurants internationally. That is not including all the Mexican, pizza, ice-cream and so on. With this number of restaurants to c hoose from it makes people have an easy choice of where to go.The price we pay to make food at home don’t compare to a one dollar burger at a Fast Food restaurant. Cheap food is a great way to getting the popularity of a restaurant to grow. People don’t like spending a lot of money on food so they have the choice of a dollar menu at most fast food restaurants. Some people don’t make as much money as others which makes them decide to go the cheap way out by buying fast food instead of having to pay more to get a homemade dinner. Although the meal may not be as healthy as a homemade meal, the price pays off in their mind.Some days we just are too busy to be able to cook so the first thing that comes to mind is Fast Food. People who are lazy sitting at home don’t feel like getting up or doing anything, so they just call a fast food place to deliver food straight to their door. Some people even don’t have the time to make their own lunch in the morning so they just get in there car and go through a drive through. When sitting at home and watching television, people don’t feel like cooking and just go grab something to eat at a fast food restaurant instead.

“Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd”

Assignment ON â€Å"Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd†. Submitted to: Chowdhury Sifat Kamal Course Instructor of Introduction to Business Department of Business Studies Prepared by: Fuad Mohammad Shah – UG01-22-09-007 Kawsar Ahmed – UG01-24-10-023 Md. Emdadul Hasan Santo – UG01-24-10-001 Bachelor of Business Administration Batch – 24, Section – A STATE UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH Date of Submission: 20th April , 2011 [pic] â€Å"Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. † [pic] Founder Late A. C. Abdur Rahim (1915-1982) Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited 01. Background Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited was established in 1950A.D. as a trading company. Late A. C. Abdur Rahim was the proprietor in this time. From 1954 it was established as a limited company. In the new environment he had to start afresh. He had little capital. His main assets were self-confidence and a strong faith in the Almighty, which carried him through all th e difficulties with a remarkable triumph. He finally established a small proprietary trading company named Rahimafrooz & Co, in Chittagong in 1950 which was later incorporated on 15th April 1954, which is now Rahimafrooz (Bangladesh) Ltd. Rahimafrooz expanded rapidly into various trading items. Within 5 years, Mr.Rahim was able to enter into a joint venture with Lucas (UK) to set up a modern automotive battery factory. He acquired the principal company Lucas Service Ltd in 1980 which is now known as Rahimafrooz Batteries Ltd. Apart from business, he engaged himself in benevolent activities. All through his life he was respected for his values and caring attitude. After a few years he left that job and ventured into a small partnership business. During early 1940s, he got active in commercial trading of scarce items and gained valuable experience. In 1947, he decided to move to Chittagong to live in an environment of religious freedom. pic] Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited was started in business agreement with world famous England battery company Lucas from 1959. Later on, they established an ultramodern battery production factory in Nakhalpara Tejgaon, Dhaka with the â€Å"Lucas† Brand name. Then from 1980 it got license from the England Lucas Company collaborating technological and information support. He passed away on the 14th March 1982 in London leaving behind his dream, Rahimafrooz. At present Rahimafrooz has been producing and marketing various kinds of batteries like automotive battery, storage battery etc. Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. lso has been marketing world famous tire â€Å"Dunlop†. Now Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. is involved with various kinds of production distribution and agency ship business. 02. Vision â€Å"To be leader in each market segment by being the most preferred supply source of quality products and services with high degree of customer delight. † 03. Mission Statement 1. †¢ Increase volume & value share 2. †¢ Reduce per unit distribution cost 3. †¢ Increase product portfolio 4. †¢ Strength distribution network 5. †¢ Ensure quality people with high level commitment 6. †¢ Benchmark customer services. 04. Milestones |1954 |Incorporated by Mr. A. C.Abdur Rahim   | |1959 |Distributorship of Lucas Battery | |1978 |Exclusive distributorship of Dunlop tyre | |1980 |Acquisition of Bangladesh operations of Lucas UK | |1985 |First producer of industrial battery | |1985 |Pioneering Solar Power in collaboration with BP | |1992 |First ever battery exports to Singapore | |1993 |Launched Rahimafrooz Instant Power System | |1994 |Acquisition of Yuasa Batteries (Bangladesh) Ltd and launched Excel Retreads. |1997 |Attained ISO 9002 certification for RBL operations | |2000 |First India office opened in Ahmedabad | |2001 |Awarded â€Å"Bangladesh Enterprise of the Year† | |2001 |Attained ISO 14001:1996 for RBL operations | |2001 |Launched â€Å"Agora† â€⠀œ the first ever retail chain | |2002 |Launched Rahimafrooz Energy Service promoting distributed power | |2003 |Established Rahimafrooz CNG Ltd. |2003 |Awarded â€Å"National Export Trophy† | |2004 |Metro net Bangladesh, a fiber optic based digital solution provider for data  communication, launched  in joint | | |venture with Flora Telecom | |2004 |Received McGraw-Hill Platt Global Energy Award for Renewable Energy | |2004 |The Group celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 15, with a renewed, enhanced commitment to being successful | | |while upholding its core values | |2006 |Received the â€Å"Ashden Award† for Sustainable Energy | |2009 |Established Rahimafrooz Globatt Limited and Rahimafrooz Accumulators   limited | |2009 |Rahimafrooz   launched  multi  brand  consumer  electronics  outlet  UREKA   | |2009   |Rahimafrooz   launched world renowned consumer electronics brand  Daewoo | |2010 |Rahimafrooz Inaugurates its biggest and m ost modern warehouse at Hemayatpur, Savar. | 05. Product & Service Products: Rahimafrooz mainly deals with electronics products like (TV, FRIEDGE, IPS, BATTERY, TYRE, LUBRICANTS etc). The brands that Rahimafrooz launch are given below†¦ [pic] Service: Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd service center is situated in 13 Mahakhali commercial areas in Dhaka. Here the product of Rahimafrooz is sold and servicing also. Here the service is done in modern computerized system.The complaints are also solved and handle from here. [pic] 06. Organization chart [pic] 07. Awards & Achievements [pic]  Ã‚   [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] Asia's Best Brand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Asia's Best Employer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C& FE,  CSR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CMO Award 2010  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     CMO Award 2010  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Award 2008 [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] Brand Leadership  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ashden Award  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   National Export Trophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Award 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Award 2006  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Award 2001-2002 08. Delivery Network The manufacturer and wholesaler must decide how to distribute their products. Working through the whole sellers, dealers or agents generally is easiest way of entering in the market.Whole sellers and dealers consider about cost and traffic flow, commission before keeping a product in the store. Location is less a concern for products or services that customers are willing to go out of their way to find. 08. 1: Dealers They are the authorized vendor who deals with the specific brand. (John M. Rathmell, Manager of the Marketing Function. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) 08. 2: Retailers Traditional: Home to home, general stores, single line stores, specialty shops, department stores, catalog retailers, planned shopping centers The Mass Marketers: Supermarkets and discount houses (John M . Rathmell, Managing the Marketing Function. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) 08. 3: WholesalersDefinition: Wholesaling is concerned with the activities of those persons or establishments who sell to retailers and other merchants, or to industrial, institutional, and commercial users. But who do not sell in significant amounts to ultimate consumers. But in the tyre market, the wholesaler serves the purpose of the retailer at the same time. Functions from the producer perspective: provide part of selling Four strategies can be produced through the tows matrix. SO strategy represents internal strength to take advantage with the external environment. WO strategy represents the internal weakness and to overcome that weakness by the external opportunity. ST strategy represents the strength of the company and to over come that the threat by the strength.WT strategies are defensive tactics directed at reducing internal weakness and avoiding external threats. 09. Advertising & Promotion [pic] Rahi mafrooz Company limited carefully integrates and coordinates its many communications channels to deliver a clear, consistent, and convincing message about the organization and its products. [pic]Rahimafrooz is using all kinds of promotional afford including: †¢Print Media †¢Broadcast media †¢Outdoor Media †¢Internet & Websites Rahimafrooz is using huge promotional afford in print media. This is the biggest promotional afford of  the company. They are giving advertisement on the news paper, they are also publishing there own newsletter service through by them. [pic] [pic]Promotion, in its broadest sense, provides extra incentives for any group that is an important factor in the marketing of a brand. It is most often directed to the consumer or to the trade or other influential group. It is used to encourage sales or purchase a product. (Principal of marketing 8th edition Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong) 09. 1: TRADE SALES PROMOTION TECHNIQUES Push Policy emphasize s promotions focused on the next intermediary. Trade sales promotion techniques-stimulate wholesalers and retailers to carry products and to market them aggressively. Producers use sales promotion techniques to encourage resellers to carry their products and to promote them more effectively. 09. 2: TYPES OF SALES PROMOTIONSSamples (offer consumer for trail), Coupon (certificate that gives buyer savings), Cash refund (Refund money who send a proof of purchase), Price pack (Reduce price marked by producer), Patronage reward (reward for regular use), Discounts (direct reduction of price), Allowance (money offered to the seller to feature the manufactures product) (Principal of marketing 8th edition Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong) 09. 3: PREMIUM ITEMS OFFER Offer free or at minimum cost as a bonus. Use to attract competitors customers, different sizes of established products. Study identified from the net that Burger King with the Lion King movie was offered few years back in USA. 10. SW OT Analysis The SWOT analysis is a valuable step in your situational analysis.Assessing your firm’s strengths, weaknesses, market opportunities, and threats through a SWOT analysis is a very simple process that can offer powerful insight into the potential and critical issues affecting a venture. 10. 1: Strength o High company reputation. o Enable to provide much more customer satisfaction than competitors. o Higher product quality. o Provide higher service quality. o Distribution effectiveness is better than the others. o Strong management team enables to provide geographical coverage. o Able to launch a new product faster than the competitor o Financial position is much more stable than the other. 10. 2: Weakness o The major weakness of Rahimafrooz is the internal conflict of the management.Working sprit sometimes hampered by management conflict of the organization. o Though Rahimafrooz has a very good team for the marketing plan, but not all the people are experienced. o C ommunication barrier is the major weakness of the organization. o Expectation of the top management is very high. Sometimes they set very high target which is not achievable at all time. Sometimes it becomes burden for the employee. 10. 3: Opportunity o To get new customers after modification. o To provide more qualities in products. o Providing more benefit for products to increase more customer satisfaction. o Increasing the advertisement. o Increasing the distribution channel. Incentive for the employee who dose outstanding performance in their respective area. 10. 4: Threat o Major threat arises from the new entrants. o Many competitors in the electronic market. o Unethical competition. Such as, price cut, advertising, giving gift by the competitor may threaten position of Unilever. o Following the same strategy by the competitors. o Worsening law and order situation of the country. o Availability of the substitute product in the market. —————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ MANAGING DIRECTOR ACCOUNTS MANAGER REGIONAL MANAGER DISTRIBUTION MANAGER MARKETING MANAGER CHIEF OPERATION OFFICER PRODUCT MANAGER ADMIN MGR C & F MANAGER NI SYSTEM DIRET SALE RETAIL MGR

Company mission and vision

The 1995 Auto Sales Inc managed to progress through the years from its actual beginning year. Most likely, this is because of the fact that the mission and vision of the organization supported its people towards the major idealism of helping the entire group in the industry progress towards development. To make the discussion much better understood, the following breakdown of the mission and vision of the organization shall be shown herein.MISSIONAs a selling agent of second hand automobiles, the 1995 Auto Sales aim to serve the clients with the best deals available in the industry. To accomplish this particular mission, it is expected that leaders be able to apply their best strategies in creating much more creative approach in marketing as well as checking the quality of the products of the company that are disposed for the consumers. Such task requires a more comprehensive understanding of leadership and its effective application in the group.Leadership is a serious task that has to betaken by those who are able to understand the society in an objective way. Certainly, the idea of becoming a leader requires serious thinking.   Becoming a leader requires efforts that start with personal development and adjustments. There are numerous theories and practices that help the hopeful leaders in becoming the person that they want to be. In the paper to follow, a reflection on one’s ability and self-improving processes would be discussed in the view of the author of this paper.Being a leader is a serious task that requires serious effort and determination to adjust on the part of the person who wants to pursue on being a leader in his or her own field of interest. As Peter Northouse refer to leadership as a â€Å"change that would affect the whole personality of an individual†(2006, 16). It is not true that leaders are born, they are made. Through self-restructuring of themselves, the leaders of today have sprung out from actually being nothing to bec oming influential personalities in the human society.How? Because of their determination to make a change to the society that rooted out from the changes that they had to make on themselves in the first place. This is the reason why in this paper, a self-examination process shall be utilized to learn the importance of self-adjustment in becoming a leader. Leadership is one of the most common practices that is found and applied on the different organizations around the world. The need for governance has mainly increased the pressure on institutions specializing in educating aspiring leaders with the needed skills that they are expected to have when they are already working on their own fields of interest.Leadership for many is a virtue learned through the experience of becoming great followers. It requires effort and ample time before it could be said to be the perfect way of showing leadership.   It could be obviously seen how much the people who are considered leaders in the worl d are viewed as exemplary people and not as people who knows only to command and drives other to work.When it comes to the business industry, the character involving refined leadership is a must to be possessed by everyone. Yes, as leadership itself has strongly affected the lives of many people in the business industry, it indeed is an important character. The idea of being a leader itself is never that easy. Though, through careful and patient learning in adjusting one’s self to be able to adapt to the necessary needed characters of a leader, a refined leadership is never that impossible to acquire.When it comes to the definition of leadership, many groups or organizations have their own view of the characters and responsibilities involved in being a leader. As for example,   House defines â€Å"leadership† organizationally and narrowly as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and succes s of the organizations of which they are members† (House, R. J. 2004: page 15).Indeed, the success of the leader would naturally determine the success of the organization he or she is acquainted with. This is the main reason why many people tend to really deeply learn the art of leadership. Mainly aiming to alleviate the effectiveness of one’s leadership skills, leadership schools and courses were opened especially regarding the business industries.Certainly, with this thought and leadership implications considered within the process, the organization aims to develop as a more solid team that tries to deal with the challenges of the industry in a more strategic and comprehensive manner that would be best for the clients as well as for the organizational staff themselves.This is an obvious call for everyone to change towards the better and faster progress of the company aimed to help the organization in setting a better reputation among its clients in the market. With th is mission statement stratified, it could be notes that the weight of the progress is relied upon the leaders of the different sectors of the organization and the cooperation of the entire team towards the progress procedures implemented by the said leaders.VISIONWith the effective application of strategic leadership and implicative approaches to the organization’s business operations, it is then expected that the performance of the entire team would be increased in terms of client satisfaction and personal job satisfaction as well. Everyone is rather hoped to have a strong trust within the new approach that would be used towards the aims of progress of the entire business in its concerned industry.Moreover, understanding of such issue in terms of company leadership is viewed as a huge step that would bring a great reputation of strength and loyalty to its clients in the market. The system concerned in the said manner of progression is indeed expected to increase the knowledg e of everyone with regards effective leadership and tem work. With this in sight, the company is certainly ready for the approaching changes it needs to face as it approaches the new age of car and auto sales competition in the market.References:Finding and keeping good employees: DHI works toward proactive support programs. January 1, 2002. Doors and Hardware (Magazine/Journal).Michael O'Malley. (2001). Creating Commitment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1 edition.Harvard Business School Press. (2003). Hiring and Keeping the Best People. Harvard Business School Press.Lin Grensing-Pophal. (2002). Motivating Today's Employees (Business Series). Self-Counsel Press; 2nd edition.Riddle, John. (2001). Business Management. Adams Media Corporation. Avon, Massachusetts.Adams, Bob. (2000). Managing people: Lead your staff to peak performance. Adams Media Corporation. Avon, Massachusetts.Hiam, Alexander. (2001). Motivating and rewarding Employees: New and better ways to inspire your people. Adams M edia Corporation. Avon, Massachusetts.Martinez, Esdras. (1998). Buisness Managements theories and practice. Rex books Publishing. Manila, Philippines.Jones, Gareth R. (2004). Contemporary Management. Irwin/McGraw-Hill; 4th edition.PART 2: POWERPOINTPART 3: Management and Its role in the Company(A Detailed Job Description for the Line of Management)Management of a diverse workforce has been one of the biggest problems that concern the human resources department of any type of company present in the business industries. Hence, it is just reasonable to say that at some points, some management teams may find it a difficult task as well. However, the author, John riddle says otherwise.According to him, â€Å"these are all factors of management that should be considered by good managers even before entering an organization† (113). Hence, this definitely means that avoiding diversity in the workforce may be impossible but giving a resolution to it is not that impossible. After all, there is still a common ground among the working force of each company no matter how diverse they may be it is that they are humans, which makes them capable of being dealt with and managed well.In this regard, John Riddle has suggested several points of consideration when dealing with such business problems. In general terms, he summarized the ways by which a good manager could handle the difficulties of dealing with a diverse workforce.The said suggestions are as follows: · Concentrate on the strengths of the employees. When a manager discovers the tasks where the employees usually excel in, they should be assigned to them as they are expected to be more productive on those fields of the job. · Understand the abilities and the potential of each employee present in the organization. These potential assets of the employees could as well be used by the company itself in aiming for the goals that it has set up for the future. · Allow communication lines t be open at all times. I t is very important for managers to be good listeners. The ability of hearing what the employees want form the company as well as to how they could be of bigger help to the organization could be used as a resource of ideas for the company as well. · Make the employees feel that they too have a sense of authority in the company. However, this type of authority should not overstep that of the administration’s. It should be clear that this authority could only be exercised at specific times and places when it is permitted. This may often refer to an ‘open door’ policy that deals with an easier type of agreement between the employees, which could give them a chance to affect how the organization is being managed. They are then allowed to give suggestions; however, no suggestions are implemented unless approved by the administration. · Make sure that all employees understand the business goals and objectives. It should always be remembered that a well-informed emp loyee, whether young or old, is a productive employee. · A manager should always remember that he is supervising people with feelings who are valuable members of the organization, hence, treating them with great respect at all times no matter what culture they come from is one of the most important virtue any manager could post as an example for his colleagues. · Treating everyone fairly and sensitively is the key to creating a fine working environment. It should be remembered that because of the different clutters of the people, they all have different preferences; they have different personal obligations and other more. Considering the fact that dealing with multicultural workforce also involve dealing with their differences of belief, a manager could as well consider fairness at all times to be able to set a common ground for everyone else in the organization. · Keep everyone else busy and going all the time. Feeling one’s worth is usually measured on the things they are able to do for the organization in a day. In this manner, it could be said that regardless of one’s difference from the others, being able to do something for the company and being of worth to the organization makes an employee feel that even though there are differences, he still belongs to the organization he is working for. · Keep employees informed of the ins and outs of the organization. Keeping employees in the dark when some changes within the organization arise may give them the notion that they are not given importance by the administration of the company. · Acknowledge the employees’ efforts, years of work, talent, creativity and good job attributes. Doing so would help everyone else strive for the best while they are working in the company.It could be noticed that the suggestions listed in here are general. Putting thesesuggestions into good use have mostly caused several companies to achieve unity beyond diversity in their own much diverse workforc es. Hence, as Jones commented in his book â€Å"Contemporary Management†, â€Å"diversity is a normal part of modern management. Being globally distinct, it could not be avoided that dealing with different people everyday is a challenge to the modern managers today† (180). With these principles applied, it is expected that each manager be able to complete the necessary points of appointment they are given to be able to keep good employees for the company’s betterment in the future.References:Robert A. Levin. (2001). Talent Flow: A Strategic Approach to Keeping Good Employees, Helping Them Grow, and Letting Them Go. Jossey-Bass; 1 edition.Thomas J. McCoy. (1996). Creating an â€Å"Open Book† Organization: Where Employees Think & Act Like Business Partners. AMACOM Publishing.J. Regis McNamara. (1986). Critical Issues, Developments, and Trends in Professional Psychology: Volume 3 (Professional Psychology Update). Praeger Publishers.Graham Edkins. (2004). Inn ovation and Consolidation in Aviation: Selected Contributions to the Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium 2000. Ashgate Publishing.Raymond Andrew Noe. (2004). Employee Training and Development with Powerweb Card 3/e. McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 3 edition.Jerome H. Barkow. (1995). The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford University Press, USA; Reprint edition.

Bt Corn

Research Question â€Å"Evaluation of the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds: how it is both economically efficient and overall beneficial for the environment. † Abstract This paper discusses and evaluates both the negative and positive aspects and raised controversial issues regarding Bt-Corn, a transgenic maize developed through genetic engineering and biotechnology methods, and will finally conclude that the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds for the past 14 years have been both economically advantageous and beneficial for the environment.The purpose of this paper is to further educate and inform the general audience regarding issues relating with genetically modified organisms and will try to disprove negative speculation and ambiguity with statistical data and experimental evidence. Introduction Recent development and advances in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering has enabled scientists today to improve crop varieties through alteration of their most fun damental building blocks, their DNA.These alterations of the genetic material allow scientists and researchers to develop ‘new species’ and breeds of organisms which posses certain altered favored traits, which would not otherwise naturally exist in the organism. (Peairs, 2007) However, there is much ambiguity and controversies surrounding the whole field of genetic engineering of organisms and their commercialization.Bt-corn, a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material has been altered to include the ability to produce a certain toxin that has specific insecticidal property against pests, has been commercialized now for several years in the US and also in several other countries such as Canada, Germany, Spain, Argentina, Honduras, South Africa and the Philippines. (Wu, 2006) The prefix ‘Bt’ from Bt-Corn originates from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a species of soil bacterium that produces the insecticidal crystal protein or delta endotoxins, toxins that kill crop pests.Genetic engineering has allowed scientists to take the single gene that controls the production of the delta endotoxins from Bt, create a modified version of it and synthesize it with the DNA of selected corn species using recombinant DNA technology. This new set of ‘genetic code’ allows the plant to produce the delta endotoxins by itself; hence it is able to repel crop pests by itself. This newly acquired attribute is like a miracle for farmers, not just corn farmers since the insecticidal attribute of ‘Bt’ has also been implemented in several other crops such as Bt-potatoes and Bt-sweet corn.However, there have been several issues raised against the commercialization of Bt-corn in recent years due to investigations, which reveals how Bt-corn pollen proves to be lethal to other species of organisms that are not considered as pests. (Peairs, 2007) This paper will discuss, evaluate and finally demonstrate how the commercialization of Bt- Corn breeds is overall both economically efficient and beneficial for the environment through the following points: * Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn * Mode of action of Bt toxins Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn * FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms * Controversies and issues raised * Evaluation Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn As previously stated above, Bt-Corn is a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material have been altered and combined with the insecticidal crystal protein-producing trait of the common naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. Shigetane Ishiwata, a Japanese biologist, was the first to discover Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in 1901.However, it was not until Ernst Berliner rediscovered it in 1911 in Thuringia, Germany, that the bacterium was named Bacillus thuringiensis. In 1938 a French company started commercially producing the combination of the bacterium and its toxin crystals as a pesticide, calling it Sporeine, and in the 1950’s American organic farmers started using Bt on their crops as a way to control pest. (Aroian) As research methods improved (1960’s) and new Bt species were found producing thousands of other specific toxic proteins, more and more farmers started to use Bt.However, it was not until advancements in genetics and genetic engineering in the 1990’s that researchers were able to detect and isolate the specific genes that trigger production of the toxins and transfer it into certain species of crops, such as Bt-Corn. The first Bt crop that was registered with the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), which allowed for its commercialization, is the Bt-Corn. (Aroian) In 2004, Bt-Corn comprises more than ? of the total acres of cornfields in the United States itself. Wu, 2006) According to Clive James, the chair of the ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications), today (2002) the total Bt-Corn fields in the wo rld approximates to 25 million acres. (James, 2002) Mode of actions of Bt toxins Bacillus thuringiensis produces certain proteins, categorized as crystal proteins, which are very specific, well known for its ability to target and inhibit specific metabolic processes of certain species of organisms, mainly insects.Investigations have revealed that most of these insecticidal crystal proteins, when activated (when they come into contact with their specific host), attaches itself to the epithelium cells of the gut of the insects and causes the generation of pores in the cell membranes. These pores in the membranes of the epithelium cells, outermost cells that line the surfaces of structures, such as the gut, of organisms, disrupts the osmotic balance of the cells, causing them to swell and lyse. (Hofte, 1989)In simpler terms, basically these proteins (toxins) cause imbalance of water absorption (osmotic imbalance) in the cells of the ‘organs’ of specific insects, which caus es these cells to swell and break (lyse). They are also very specific and selective on the species of insects they are able to affect, making Bt toxins potent in eradicating pests while being relatively harmless towards other organisms. There is substantial evidence that the toxins (insecticidal crystal proteins) are not harmful to human health nor are they detrimental for the health of vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, bony fish and sharks).According to Peairs, these toxins are considered to be very selective and very safe for humans and non-targeted organisms when compared to the most conventional and common pesticides used nowadays since they only attack certain groups of insects. (Peairs, 2007) Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn It has been several years now, more than a decade, since the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds and now more than ever, we are able to see statistical data and actual evidence that overall, using Bt-Corn is both economic ally efficient and beneficial for the environment.Economic advantages of Bt-Corn According to a study by Brookes, there have been substantial net economic benefits at the farms, totaling up to $5 billion in 2005 and $27 billion during the first decade (1996-2005) of the commercialization of genetically engineered crops. For the genetically engineered maize species, including Bt-Corn and other forms of genetically modified corn, boosted farm incomes by over $3. 1 billion since 1996. In the United States alone genetically modified maize crop income benefits accumulates to a little under $2. 3 billion, which is about 88% of the world GM maize crop income. (Brookes, 2006) The main reason for its economic advantage is its ability to produce higher yields of the same, or even better, quality of produce compared to ‘organic’ corn because two reasons. The first reason is that since pests are not lured to the crop, they unhindered and are able to flourish and produce more yields . The second reason is that the ability to self-produce insecticidal toxins allows farmers to cut down costs to maintain the crop since they do not have to purchase massive amounts of pesticide.This also means that less time will be spent on crop walking and the application of pesticides and herbicides, less usage of energy associated with less spraying, savings in costs of machinery and machinery usage (from less spraying and reduced harvest times) and also the unseen benefits in the health and safety of farm workers that is caused by handling pesticides. (Brookes, 2006) Environmental advantages of Bt-Corn The usage of Bt-Corn allows farmers to stop the usage of environmentally hazardous chemicals, may it be pesticides or herbicides.Overall between the years 1996 and 2005, GM crops have caused the net reduction in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 15. 3% while the total volume of active ingredient usage has also been reduced by 7%. Specifically in the GM maize sector there have been a net reduction in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 4. 6% through the reduction of pesticide usage and another net decrease in 4% in the environmental impact through the usage of more environmentally benign herbicides. Brookes, 2006) There has also been a decrease in greenhouse gasses emission; excess greenhouse gasses emission is a factor contributing to global warming. Brookes states in his article, that the two main reasons for the decrease in green house gasses emission is due to two factors. The first being reduced fuel usage from the less frequent need of using pesticides and herbicides applications (machinery used for spraying). From 1996 to 2005, it is estimated that there has been a reduction in carbon dioxide emission of 4,613 million kg, calculated from the reduced fuel usage of 1,679 liters.In comparison, the permanent carbon dioxide savings from reduced fuel usage from 1996 to 2005 by planting GM crops is equivalent to the removal of 2. 05 million cars from the road for one year, assuming that a car does an average of 15,000 km per year, producing 2,250 kg of CO2 per year based on the fact that an average family car produces 150 grams of CO2 every km. (Brookes, 2006) FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms With the development in genetic engineering and biotechnology there is urgency and a need to both control and oversee products and methods used, especially relating with food products.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are the three main supervisors of genetically modified foods. The FDA, the official government agency in charge of regulating food, drug and cosmetic laws and ensuring safety of food (other than meat), food additives, medicines, medical devices, veterinary drugs, cosmetics and genetically modified food products, plays the major role in the actual ‘screening’ of products that are available for the public.The FDA categorizes genetically modified food products under the ‘GRAS’ list; the GRAS list comprise of products that are ‘generally recognized as safe’, which demands the manufacturers to be responsible for the safety of their own products, allowing them to place products into the market without pre-approval of the FDA because whole foods are GRAS. Whole foods are foods that are unprocessed or unrefined such as unprocessed meat, poultry and fish, fruits and vegetables, and non-homogenized milk (basically unprocessed milk; straight from the animal).The manufacturer bears responsibility for ensuring the product is not adulterated or misbranded. However if there is proof that the product is adulterated, or detrimental to human health (animal health for animal products), then the products may be taken back from the market and the manufacturer may be prosecuted. (Gertsberg, 2009) Controversies and issues raised The development and conti nuation of research in the whole issue regarding genetic engineering of any organisms itself raises much issues.However, most of the issues raised within the field of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are issues regarding perspective and ethics, since there is much fear and ambiguity that most people feel when they think and speak about this issue. Controversies with genetic engineering There are not enough, if there are any, substantial, academic, plain physical experimental proof that genetically modified organisms are hazardous to both the health of humans and the environment.The main issues raised regarding GMOs are that there is a risk there new allergens will arise from the ‘unknown’ effects of combining different DNA sequences with each other, increased toxicity levels in organisms do to a faster metabolism, the possibility of unwanted/unintended gene transfer between different species, loss of biodiversity and basically unknown possible effects on different organisms related. (Turner, 2007) There are also several other ethical issues raised, such as the monopoly of world food production by several ompanies, problems with intellectual property and non-mandatory labeling, which is the case in the United States. Non-mandatory labeling violates the rights of consumers to choose between ‘organic foods’ and genetically engineered foods. Monarch butterfly issue and Bt-Corn Several years ago, an issue was raised regarding how non-pest (non-targeted) species of organisms, the Monarch butterfly species in this case, were affected by the delta endotoxins contained in the pollen of a certain species of Bt-Corn. The issue revolves around how Monarch butterflies population was in danger of being killed through the poisoning by the Bt toxins.Monarch butterflies would migrate and lay their eggs on areas near the Bt-Corn fields. Their larvae feed on milkweed plants, a species of plants that grow in same regions as the Bt-Corn. However, Bt- Corn pollen would scatter throughout the area and lay on these leaves. Several investigations revealed some mortality in Monarch butterfly caterpillars that consume these pollen-covered milkweed leaves. (Peairs, 2007) Following the recent controversy, a number of private parties assembled and conducted workshops and investigations regarding this issue sponsored by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States.Scientists and researchers were assembled from U. S. and Canadian universities, ARS members and several other environmental organizations, in a joint effort to prove whether the issue has a scientific basis. (Hellmich, 2008) Laboratory experiments done with pure Crystal toxins (Bt toxins) mixed with artificial diets revealed that a certain type of Cry toxin, Cry1Ab, was harmful to Monarch caterpillars but other types of the Cry toxins were not toxic to them.Field studies done along with lab experiments conclude that there were not any adverse effects observed on the Monarch caterpillars who fed on milkweed leaves dusted with natural levels of the commonly found Bt-Corn pollen species. All but the single Cry toxin proved to be safe. The results of this experiment caused for the termination of the production of Bt-Corn species 176, which expressed high amounts of Cry1Ab toxins. (Hellmich, 2008) Several other studies were conducted to compare between the mortality of Monarch caterpillars in agricultural and non-agricultural habitats, where there aren’t any Bt-Corn species in the area.Results from this experiment show no significant differences in mortality rates of the caterpillars. (Hellmich, 2008) Another study conducted compared the mortality rates of Monarch caterpillars exposed to Bt-Corn species and ‘organic’ corn species with the commonly used pesticide, cyhalothrin. Experimentations revealed how, â€Å"†¦nearly all monarch larvae on milkweed plants inside the field were killed. † Hence Bt-Corn is safer t han traditional commercial insecticides and pesticides. (Hellmich, 2008)The final risk assessment brought forth by Hellmich regarding the Monarch population and Bt-Corn is that the risks are negligible since exposure of the Monarch caterpillars to Bt-Corn pollen is low. Furthermore, the current commercially available Bt-Corn species and hybrids revealed low toxicity. Hellmich concludes that, â€Å"The bottom line from these studies is that all commercial Bt corn hybrids have negligible effects on populations of monarch butterflies, especially when compared with traditional insecticides. † (Hellmich, 2008) EvaluationIn conclusion, through research and investigations conducted by researchers across the world, we can see how the commercialization of Bt-Corn for past 14 years have significantly benefitted both society and the environment through the ability of farmers to cut down costs, usage of energy, fuel and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, increase in yields and decrease i n the use of harmful chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides. We also see that most of the issues raised surrounding the issue of Bt-Corn and genetically engineered organisms are mostly just a matter of perspective and preferences.Lack of education and an open perspective regarding genetically modified organisms is the main hindrance towards improvements in the current agricultural field. Bibliography Aroian, R. (n. d. ). History of Bt. UCSD – Aroian Lab. Brookes, G. (2006, October). GM crops: the first ten years – Global socio-economic and environmental impacts. 1-106. Gertsberg, D. (2009, August 30). Introduction To The Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods by the FDA . Retrieved May 2, 2010, from GMO Journal: Food Safety Politics: http://gmo-journal. com/index. php/2009/08/30/introduction-to-regulation-of-gm-foods-by-fda/Hellmich, R. L. (2008, March 8). Monarch Butterflies and Bt Corn. 1-3. Hofte, H. (1989). Insecticidal Crystal Proteins of Bacilllus thuringi ensis. MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS , 53, 242-255. James, C. (2002). Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2001. ISAAA Briefs (26), 1-184. Peairs, F. (2007, April). Bt Corn: Health and the Environment. Colorado State University Extension . Turner, L. (2007). Playing With Our Food. Better Nutrition , 69 (4), 30-33. Wu, F. (2006). Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts . Transgenic Research , 277-289.